ALLERGIES

An allergy is an exaggerated immune response to substances that are normally harmless to most people. These substances, known as allergens, can trigger an immune system reaction in individuals who are sensitive or allergic to them. Allergens can vary widely and may include pollen, dust mites, pet dander, certain foods (such as peanuts, shellfish, or dairy), insect stings, medications, and latex.

When a person with allergies comes into contact with an allergen, their immune system perceives it as a threat and produces antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies trigger the release of chemicals such as histamine, which leads to allergic symptoms.

Symptoms of allergies can range from mild to severe and may include:

• Sneezing
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Itchy or watery eyes
• Skin rash or hives
• Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat
• Difficulty breathing or wheezing
• Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea (in the case of food allergies)

In severe cases, allergies can lead to a life-threatening reaction known as anaphylaxis, characterized by a sudden drop in blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and loss of consciousness. Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical attention and treatment with epinephrine (adrenaline) to reverse the reaction.

Allergies can develop at any age and may be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. While there is no cure for allergies, treatments such as antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, decongestants, and allergy shots (immunotherapy) can help manage symptoms and reduce the body’s sensitivity to allergens over time. Avoiding known allergens is also an important part of allergy management.